Problem :
Why does the output of some Linux programs go to neither STDOUT nor STDERR?
Actually, I want to know how to reliably capture all program output, no matter what ‘stream’ it uses. The problem I have is that some programs do not seem to let their output be captured.
An example is the ‘time’ command:
time sleep 1 2>&1 > /dev/null
real 0m1.003s
user 0m0.000s
sys 0m0.000s
or
time sleep 1 &> /dev/null
real 0m1.003s
user 0m0.000s
sys 0m0.000s
Why do I see output both times? I expected it all to be piped into /dev/null.
What output stream is time using, and how can I pipe it into a file?
One way to work around the problem is to create a Bash script, for example, combine.sh containing this command:
$@ 2>&1
Then the output of ‘time’ can be captured in the correct way:
combine.sh time sleep 1 &> /dev/null
(no output is seen – correct)
Is there a way to achieve what I want without using a separate combine script?
Solution :
This question is addressed in BashFAQ/032. In your example, you would:
{ time sleep 1; } 2> /dev/null
The reason why
time sleep 1 2>/dev/null
doesn’t behave how you’re expecting is because with that syntax, you’ll want to time the command sleep 1 2>/dev/null (yes, the command sleep 1 with stderr redirected to /dev/null). The builtin time works that way so as to make this actually possible.
The bash builtin can actually do this because… well, it’s a builtin. Such a behavior would be impossible with the external command time usually located in /usr/bin. Indeed:
$ /usr/bin/time sleep 1 2>/dev/null
$
Now, the answer to your question
Why does the output of some linux programs go to neither STDOUT nor STDERR?
is: it does, the output goes to stdout or stderr.
Hope this helps!
Your particular question about time builtin has been answered, but there are some commands that don’t write either to stdout or to stderr. A classic example is the Unix command crypt. crypt with no arguments encrypts standard input stdin and writes it to standard output stdout. It prompts the user for a password using getpass(), which by defaults outputs a prompt to /dev/tty. /dev/tty is the current terminal device. Writing to /dev/tty has the effect of writing to the current terminal (if there is one, see isatty()).
The reason crypt can’t write to stdout is because it writes encrypted output to stdout. Also, it’s better to prompt to /dev/tty instead of writing to stderr so that if a user redirects stdout and stderr, the prompt is still seen. (For the same reason, crypt can’t read the password from stdin, since it’s being used to read the data to encrypt.)
time sleep 1 > /dev/null 2>&1 # redirects “sleep’s” output do null. Then, “time” writes its own output, with no redirection. It is like “time (sleep 1 > /dev/null 2>&1)“.
(time sleep 1) > /dev/null 2>&1 # runs “time sleep 1”, then redirects its output to null.
[]s
The problem in your case is that the redirection works in another way. You wrote
time sleep 1 2>&1 > /dev/null
This redirects the standard output to /dev/null and then redirects the standard error to standard output.
To redirect all output you have to write
time sleep 1 > /dev/null 2>&1
Then the standard error will be redirected to the standard output and after that all the standard output (containing the standard error) will be redirected to /dev/null.